level of subject-specific detail in musculoskeletal models affects hip moment arm length calculation during gait in pediatric subjects with increased femoral anteversion

biomechanical parameters of gait such as muscle's moment arm length (mal) and muscle-tendon length are known to be sensitive to anatomical variability. nevertheless, most studies rely on rescaled generic models (rgmo) constructed from averaged data of cadaveric measurements in a healthy adult population. as an alternative, deformable generic models (dgmo) have been proposed. these models integrate a higher level of subject-specific detail by applying characteristic deformations to the musculoskeletal geometry. in contrast, musculoskeletal models based on magnetic resonance (mr) images (mrmo) reflect the involved subject's characteristics in every level of the model. this study investigated the effect of the varying levels of subject-specific detail in these three model types on the calculated hip mal during gait in a pediatric population of seven cerebral palsy subjects presenting aberrant femoral geometry. our results show large percentage differences in calculated mal between rgmo and mrmo. furthermore, the use of dgmo did not uniformly reduce inter-model differences in calculated mal. the magnitude of these percentage differences stresses the need to take these effects into account when selecting the level of subject-specific detail one wants to integrate in musculoskeletal. furthermore, the variability of these differences between subjects and between muscles makes it very difficult to a priori estimate their importance for a biomechanical analysis of a certain muscle in a given subject.