in-vivo determination of 3d muscle architecture of human muscle using free hand ultrasound

muscle architecture is an important parameter affecting the muscle function. most of the previous studies on in-vivomuscle architecture have used in 2d ultrasound. the importance of the third dimension has not been much explored due to lack of appropriate methods. dt-mri has been used to study muscle architecture in 3d, however, due to long scan times of about 15 min dt-mri has not been suitable to study active muscle contractions. the purpose of this study was to develop and validate methods to determine in-vivo muscle fascicle orientations in 3d using ultrasound. we have used 2d ultrasound and a 3d position tracker system to find the 3d fascicle orientation in 3d space. 2d orientations were obtained by using automated methods developed in our previous studies and we have extended these in the current study to obtain the 3d muscle fascicle orientation in 3d space. the methods were validated using the physical phantom and we found that the mean error in the measurement was less than 0.5° in each of the three co-ordinate planes. these methods can be achieved with short scan times (less than 2 min for the gastrocnemii) and will thus enable future studies to quantify 3d muscle architecture during sub-maximal voluntary contractions.