the effect of decreasing computed tomography dosage on radiostereometric analysis (rsa) accuracy at the glenohumeral joint

standard, beaded radiostereometric analysis (rsa) and markerless rsa often use computed tomography (ct) scans to create three-dimensional (3d) bone models. however, ethical concerns exist due to risks associated with ct radiation exposure. therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of decreasing ct dosage on rsa accuracy. four cadaveric shoulder specimens were scanned using a normal-dose ct protocol and two low-dose protocols, where the dosage was decreased by 89% and 98%. 3d computer models of the humerus and scapula were created using each ct protocol. bi-planar fluoroscopy was used to image five different static glenohumeral positions and two dynamic glenohumeral movements, of which a total of five static and four dynamic poses were selected for analysis. for standard rsa, negligible differences were found in bead (0.21±0.31 mm) and bony landmark (2.31±1.90 mm) locations when the ct dosage was decreased by 98% (p-values>0.167). for markerless rsa kinematic results, excellent agreement was found between the normal-dose and lowest-dose protocol, with all spearman rank correlation coefficients greater than 0.95. average root mean squared errors of 1.04±0.68 mm and 2.42±0.81° were also found at this reduced dosage for static positions. in summary, ct dosage can be markedly reduced when performing shoulder rsa to minimize the risks of radiation exposure. standard rsa accuracy was negligibly affected by the 98% ct dose reduction and for markerless rsa, the benefits of decreasing ct dosage to the subject outweigh the introduced errors.