prefabricated and electrical vertical drains for consolidation of soft clay

the use of prefabricated vertical drains to consolidate soft clay is a common ground improvement method. in large projects laboratory testing of pvds for selection and quality assurance is considered important. this paper presents a review of pvd laboratory testing. the need to provide simulated site conditions in the test is emphasized. in addition instrumented pvds show that installation stresses in deep soft clay deposits could cause filter rupture under tensile failure. it is also shown that the maximum required discharge capacity of a pvd is obtained by equating the flow rate of the pvd under the installation and consolidation states to the maximum rate of volume reduction of the influential clay cylinder of the pvd. consolidation can be enhanced much faster in clay soils if vertical drains manufactured with conducting polymer are used. some laboratory tests, field tests and field applications of such electric vertical drains (evd) are presented. a minimum current density at appropriate applied voltage is required to benefit from the electric osmosis (eo) application. evd in dewatering clay soils, extracting heavy metals in clay soils and few other geotechnical applications are also presented.